Harmful Effects of Sleep Deprivation Include Alzheimer’s Risk

Losing a night of sleep can lead to a miserable morning, but more seriously, it can increase the risk and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. An indication of Alzheimer’s is an abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid, a protein that is a metabolic waste product found in the fluid between brain cells. Researchers have found that sleep plays a major role in clearing beta-amyloid from the brain. Just one sleepless night can lead to elevated levels of beta-amyloid, which can affect brain function by impairing communication between neurons.

In a study done by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, positron emission tomography (PET) was used to scan the brains of 20 healthy participants, aged 22 to 72. PET is a special imaging technique that explores the mechanism of chemical reactions. The team discovered that after one night of sleep deprivation, which equaled 31 hours without sleep, beta-amyloid accumulated by 5% in the thalamus, hippocampus, and nearby areas of the brain. These parts of the brain are especially vulnerable to damage in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.

Why is beta-amyloid buildup so dangerous? The protein clumps together to form amyloid plaques so neurons cannot communicate effectively, leading to neurodegeneration. Ironically, it was found that the link between sleep disorders and Alzheimer’s risk goes both ways. Elevated beta-amyloid may also lead to trouble sleeping.

High levels of beta-amyloid have also been associated with mood disorders. Scientists have found that study participants with increases in beta-amyloid reported worsened mood after sleep deprivation, which aligns with the theory that the hippocampus and thalamus play a role in mood disorders.

It is evident that sleep deprivation has a negative effect on the brain, and research has only begun to explore how excess beta-amyloid burdens the brain. Studies thus far have provided invaluable insight into the potential harmful side effects of lack of sleep and the implications it can have on the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. As research broadens and investigations continue on the impact of sleep on beta-amyloid levels and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s, there is great hope for discovering preventative measures and treatment for the disease.